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Kelapa Sawit adalah tanaman penghasil minyak nabati yang memiliki berbagai keunggulan dibandingkan dengan minyak yang dihasilkan oleh tanaman lain. Keunggulan tersebut di antaranya memiliki kadar kolesterol rendah, bahkan tanpa kolesterol. Minyak nabati yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan buah kelapa sawit berupa minyak mentah (CPO atau Crude Palm Oil) yang berwarna kuning dan minyak inti sawit (PKO atau Palm Kernel Oil) yang tidak berwarna (jernih). CPO atau PKO banyak digunakan sebagai bahan industri pangan (minyak goreng dan margarin), industri sabun (bahan penghasil busa), industri baja (bahan pelumas), industri tekstil, kosmetik, dan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif (minyak diesel). KLASIFIKASI KELAPA SAWIT Divisi: Spermatophyta Subdivisi: Angiospermae Kelas: Monocotyledonae Ordo: Palmales Famili: Palmaceae Genus: Elaesis Spesies: Elaeis guineensis Elaeis melanococca / E. Oleivera Varietas: Elaeis guineensis dura Elaeis guineensis tenera Elaeis guineensis pisifera 1 A. Syarat Tumbuh Kelapa Sawit a. Curah Hujan Curah hujan yang ideal bagi kelapa sawit yakni 2.000 – 2.500 mm per tahun dan tersebar merata setiap tahun. Musim kemarau selama tiga bulan atau lebih dapat menurunkan produksi kelapa sawit. Sedangkan curah hujan yang tinggi tidak berpengaruh buruk terhadap produksi kelapa sawit, asalkan drainase dan penyinaran matahari cukup baik. Penyinaran Matahari Tanaman kelapa sawit termasuk tanama heliofil atau menyukai cahaya matahari. Tanaman yang ternaungi karena jarak tanam yang sempit, pertumbuhannya akan terhambat karena hasil asimilasinya kurang. Selain itu, tanaman dewasa yang ternaungi produksi bunga betinanya sedikit sehingga perbandingan bunga betina dengan bunga jantan (Sex Ratio) kecil. Tanam Tanaman kelapa sawit dapat tumbuh dengan baik di banyak jenis tanah, yang penting tidak kekurangan air pada musim kemarau dan tidak tergenang air pada musim kemarau dan tidak tergenang air pada musim hujan (drainase baik). Tanaman kelapa sawit dapat tumbuh pada pH 4 – 6.5. Jenis-Jenis Tanah 1. Tanah-tanah yang baik untuk pertumbuhan kelapa sawit - Tanah Latosol Tanah latosol di daerah tropis bisa berwarna merah, coklat, dan kuning. Tanah latosol terbentuk di daerah yang iklimnya juga cocok untuk tanaman kelapa sawit. - Tanah Aluvial Tanah-tanah aluvial sangat penting untuk tanaman kelapa sawit, meskipun kesuburannya di setiap daerah/tempat berbeda-beda. 2 Di Sumatera, jenis tanah yang ditanami kelapa sawit seperti: - Laparitik latasol yang disebut podsolik merah kuning. - Basallik, andesitik yang berasal dari deposit vulkanik tua. - Sedimen (endapan) dari laut dan sungai. - Tanah-tanah aluvial yang ditutupi gambut dengan ketebalan kurang dari 10 cm. Tanah yang tidak baik untuk pertumbuhan kelapa sawit - Tanah-tanah yang berdrainase buruk. Tanah berdrainase buruk disebabkan karena permukaan air tanah yang tinggi, dekat sungai, dan rawa-rawa. - Tanah-tanah lateritik yang mengandung lapisan besi. Pada musim kemarau tanah lateritik akan cepat kering sehingga tanaman menderita kekeringan. - Tanah-tanah yang berpasir di pantai. - Gambut yang dalam (deep peat). Pada tanah gambut sedalam lebih dari 2 meter. Tanaman kelapa sawit tumbuh kurang baik karena akar sulit mencapai tanah dan tanaman akan mudah rubuh. Potensi lahan yang baik untuk budidaya kelapa sawit adalah pada jenis tanah mineral seperti tanah latosol maupun tanah aluvial. Podsolik merah-kuning. Namun persoalannya adalah bahwa jenis-jenis tanah tersebut tidak habis dimanfaatkan untuk segala jenis keperluan hidup manusia. Sehingga, perlu dicari potensi lahan yang lain untuk budidaya tanaman kelapa sawit. Salah satu alternatif lahan yang telah digunakan yakni lahan gambut. |
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March 2019
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